查人人中国名人网申通山东淄博临淄公司:帮忙翻译——Metalworking/ Metallurgy
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Metalworking
The discovery and use of iron to make tools and weapons was one of the most important advances in civilization. Some historians consider the use of iron to be one of the distinguishing characteristics separating civilization from barbarism because the new tools increased productivity dramatically and led to so many new advances. Compared to bronze, iron tools were less brittle, could hold sharper edges, and held edges for a longer time without sharpening. Most importantly, iron ore was much easier to locate than copper and tin, making iron tools cheaper and more readily available. By 1000 BC iron tools were being made that were as good as the best ones of bronze; by 500 BC iron had largely supplanted bronze from Europe to Asia. The expense and scarcity of bronze had restricted its use to the elite and wealthy. Iron tools and weapons were available to nearly everyone.
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Metallurgy
The use of iron spread throughout the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Asia during the first millennium BC, and some areas became especially adept at the new science. Certain compounds added to the molten metal increased the strength of the resulting tools. New forging techniques also resulted in better tools. The best iron workers made superior weapons that were an important advantage in battle.
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The discovery and use of iron to make tools and weapons was one of the most important advances in civilization. Some historians consider the use of iron to be one of the distinguishing characteristics separating civilization from barbarism because the new tools increased productivity dramatically and led to so many new advances. Compared to bronze, iron tools were less brittle, could hold sharper edges, and held edges for a longer time without sharpening. Most importantly, iron ore was much easier to locate than copper and tin, making iron tools cheaper and more readily available. By 1000 BC iron tools were being made that were as good as the best ones of bronze; by 500 BC iron had largely supplanted bronze from Europe to Asia. The expense and scarcity of bronze had restricted its use to the elite and wealthy. Iron tools and weapons were available to nearly everyone.
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Metallurgy
The use of iron spread throughout the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Asia during the first millennium BC, and some areas became especially adept at the new science. Certain compounds added to the molten metal increased the strength of the resulting tools. New forging techniques also resulted in better tools. The best iron workers made superior weapons that were an important advantage in battle.
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五金
铁的发现和使用的工具和武器使是最重要的文明进步. 一些学者认为,利用铁明显的特征之一是把文明从野蛮的新工具,因为产量大幅增加,并导致许多新的进展. 而铜、铁农具较脆,可以进行更边缘,边缘有较长时间没有进行尖锐. 最重要的,是很容易找到铁矿比铜、锡、铁作、更便宜现成工具. 公元前1000铁的手段正在被作为优良的铜; 公元前500铁已基本取代了青铜从欧洲转向亚洲. 铜缺乏牺牲和限制使用的精英和富人. 铁工具和武器几乎人人可用.
冶金
使用铁遍布地中海、中东和亚洲的第一个千年期间,BC,一些地区尤其是善于新科学. 一些化合物加入金属溶液产生更多的力量工具. 新技术也使建立更好的工具. 钢铁工人发武器的最佳优势,是一个重要的优势仗.
金属工艺 对钢的发现和用途做工具和武器是最重要的前进的当中一个在文明。一些史学家考虑对钢的用途是区别的特征的当中一个分离文明从野蛮时代因为新工具增加的生产力显著和导致许多新前进。与古铜比较, 钢工具是较不易碎的, 能拿着更加锋利的边缘, 和被拿着的边缘更久的时间没有削尖。最重要地, 铁矿比上铜和锡, 做钢用工具加工更加便宜和欣然可利用更加容易位于。在1000 年钢以前是象最佳部分古铜一样的工具BC 做; 由500 钢主要BC 代替了古铜从欧洲向亚洲。古铜费用和缺乏对精华制约了它的用途和富裕。钢工具和武器对几乎大家是可利用的。 ----------------------- 对钢的用途BC 传播在地中海过程中的冶金学, 中东, 和亚洲在第一千年期间, 并且一些区域变得特别娴熟在新科学。某些化合物增加了来熔融金属增加了收效的工具的力量。新锻件技术并且导致更好的工具。最佳的钢工作者做了是重要好处在争斗的优越武器。