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1.2 Internetworks
Those original designers, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), of the ARPANET protocol suite introduced fundamental concepts such as layering and virtualizing in the world of networking, well before ISO even took an interest in networking.

The official organism of those researchers was the ARPANET Network Working Group, which had its last general meeting in October 1971. DARPA has continued its research for an internetworking protocol suite, from the early NCP (Network Control Program) host-to-host protocol to the TCP/IP protocol suite, which took its current form around 1978. At that time, DARPA was well known for its pioneering of packet-switching over radio networks and satellite channels. The first real implementations of the Internet were found around 1980 when DARPA started converting the machines of its research network (ARPANET) to use the new TCP/IP protocols. In 1983, the transition was completed and DARPA demanded that all computers willing to connect to its ARPANET use TCP/IP.

DARPA also contracted Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) to develop an implementation of the TCP/IP protocols for Berkeley UNIX on the VAX and funded the University of California at Berkeley to distribute that code free of charge with their UNIX operating system. The first release of the Berkeley System Distribution to include the TCP/IP protocol set was made available in 1983 (4.2BSD). From that point on, TCP/IP has been rapidly spreading among universities and research centers and has become the standard communications subsystem for all UNIX connectivity. The second release (4.3BSD) was distributed in 1986, with updates in 1988 (4.3BSD Tahoe) and 1990 (4.3BSD Reno). 4.4BSD was released in 1993. Due to funding constraints, 4.4BSD will be the last release of the BSD by the Computer Systems Research Group of the University of California at Berkeley.

As TCP/IP internetworking spread rapidly, new wide area networks were created in the US and connected to ARPANET. In turn, other networks in the rest of the world, not necessarily based on the TCP/IP protocols were added to the set of interconnected networks. The result is what is described as The Internet. Some examples of the different networks which have played key roles in this development are described in the next sections.
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