大学数学课后题答案:关於中国政治现代化进程,文章翻译,谢谢

http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/8923409.html
改革开放reform and opening-up
政治体制改革Political System Reform
阶段：stage, 也有用phase，居我的个人经验，用第一个较好。
下面是一个汉语病句：
“对中国政治体制改革进程的阶段划分，从70年代末到80年代中期是政治体制改革的初步探索阶段，80年代中后期是政治体制改革的全面部署阶段，从80年代末到90年代中期是政治体制改革总结经验调整思路阶段，从90年代中后期至今是适应社会主义市场经济发展要求继续推进政治体制改革时期。”
建议改成“中国政治体制改革进程可以划分为四个阶段：、、、、、、、”英语中已经这样纠正。
初步探索阶段：primary exploring stage
全面部署阶段 whole deployment stage
总结经验调整思路阶段 Experience summary & Idea regulation stage
继续推进时期 consequent fulfillment stage
社会主义市场经济socialism market economy
波浪式前进advance wave upon wave
四轮 four sessions
政府机构改革 reform of governmental system
基层民主建设 primary-level democracy construction
连续性continuity
权力过分集中over-centralization of the powers
党政分开separation between party and government
群众参与机制citizens participating system
党的领导Party's leading
公务员制度建设the construction of the public (civil也可以的) servant system
党政领导干部political and party leader cadre
以法治国: "governing the nation in accordance with law")
法治 legal control或者“Rule by Law”
Human Right人权
权力监督制约Restricting and Supervising Power
废除干部领导职务终身制abolishment of life-long tenure of leading cadres （还有一种说法abolish de facto life-long tenure of leading cadres）
新老交替the alternation of younger and elder
生机和活力vigor and vitality
党政不分government and party committee jointly
人民代表大会制度National People's Congress(NPC). System
民主法制建设construction of democracy and laws
司法制度改革Judicial reform(或者legal system reform)
行政体制改革administration reform
多党合作制度Multi-party system
参政党Political Participating Party
personnel system reform 人事制度改革
基层社会自治primary-level social self-governance
极大病句：
“为加大反腐败力度而建立强有力的权力监督制约着社会稳定的维护和发展以及长治久安政治局面的任务,所以我国政治体制改革任重而道远”，根据我的理解作了调整。

Since the fulfillment of reform & opening-up in 1978, Chinese political system reform (PSR) has entered into its 26th year age. The Chinese PSR course can be divided into four stages: its primary exploring stage is from the end of 1970s to mid-1980s; its whole deployment stage is mid & end-1980s; its experience summary & idea regulation stage is from end-1980s to mid-1990s; and its consequent fulfillment stage is from mid-1990s to today, which is mainly to meet the requirement of socialism market economy development. Thus Chinese PSR presents the characteristic of advance wave upon wave. During the four stages mentioned above, four sessions of reform of governmental system was carried out, and the primary-level democracy construction was advanced with steady steps, so certain continuity of the reform content was kept. On the other hand, the idea of PSR after end-1990s was regulated in a large scale. Now we de-emphasize the solution of the illness root of original political system-“over-centralization of the powers”, and we also de-emphasize the “separation between party and government”. We have stressed on the enhancement of the party's leading, simultaneously, we accelerated the step of the construction of the public servant system and introduced citizens participating system in the recruitment of the political and party leader cadres, and we also accepted the concepts of "rule by law", “human right”, and “restricting and supervising power” and enhanced the construction of relative systems.
Make a comprehensive view of the twenty-year-old history of Chinese reform, Chinese PSR has made rapid progress in many aspects as follows:
1. abolished de facto life-long tenure of leading cadres, realized the alternation of younger and elder, and strengthened the vigor and vitality of our nation and party;
2. to solve the problem of the government and party committee jointly, we cancelled the share parts of superposition of the party and the government, and reduced the party and government plurality.
3. consummated the National People's Congress(NPC). System continuously, and exerted its functions adequately, specially its legal function, and strengthened the construction of democracy and laws
4. 多次进行carried through the judicial reform and the administration reform many times and fulfilled the civil servant system
5. pushed the judicial reform energetically;
7. consummated the multi-party system and exerted the role of the Political Participating Parties;
8. explored and pushed the personnel system reform from multiple aspects;
9. Strengthened the construction of primary-level democracy, and pushed the primary-level social self-governance
10. explored and strengthened the democracy supervision from multiple aspects.
All of these reforms have made positive achievements to a much extent, and accumulated helpful experiences. This out of question will settle a good foundation for continually advancing PSR. However, collectively, Chinese PSR is similar to economical system reform heretofore. It presented in its periphery stage during its past period, and has not approached or entered into the assaulting fortified stage. It presents in the fairly low level and has not solved the problems of over-centralization of the powers after all, specially the individual over-centralization of the powers. This problem will block the impetus of the assaulting fortified fight of the economical system reform, and influence & restrict the construction of the powerful power supervision for anti-corruption, it also restricts the maintenance and development of a stable society and political phases. Thus Chinese PSR is burdened with heavy tasks and it is a long-term project.

Since 1978 year China has implemented reform and open policy, China's political system reform already entered 26 spring and autumn. To the China political system reform advancement stage division, imitates at the end of for 0 ages to the 80's intermediate stages is in the political system reform preliminary exploration stage _ 0 ages the later period is the political system reform comprehensive deployment stage, imitates is the political system reform sums up experience the adjustment mentality stage at the end of for 0 ages to the 90's intermediate stages, later period until now is adapts the socialist market economy development request from the 90's to continue the characteristic which advances the political system reform time China political system reform to present advances like waves, in these four stages has successively carried on four turns of government apparatuses reform, simultaneously the democracy at the grassroots level construction also with steady steps is advancing, Maintained reform content some continuity. On the other hand after the 90 ages the political system reform mentality has also made the significant adjustment, no longer emphasizes the solution original political system the total old ailment "the authority diversity , also no longer emphasized" the party politics separate, the key emphasis strengthens the party leader, but simultaneously sped up the civil service regulations construction step and gradually the leading cadre in the party politics to select in the assign to introduce the populace to participate in the mechanism, but also has accepted "the law along," the person board and "concept and so on authority surveillance system line and strengthened the related system construction .
The comprehensive survey 20 years reform our country political system reform obtained very in a big way in many aspects has entered the islet :
1.Abolishes the cadre to lead the duty lifelong to stab realizes new for the enhancement party and the national vitality and the vigor .
2.In order to begin to solve the party politics not to divide asks the cancellation party and the government overlap "to the oral area, a reduced party politics concurrently writing brush.
3.Unceasingly consummates the National People's Congress system, the sufficient assignment wields its duty specially is legislates the duty to strengthen the democratic legislative work.
4.Carries on the legal system reform and the administrative system many times changes implements the official to make .
5.Vigorously advances the legal system reform
7.Further consummates the multi- parties cooperation system sufficient assignment to wield it "the political party to do
8.Variously explores and advances the cadre human affairs personnel system reform.
9.Strengthen the democratic construction at the basic level, advance the social autonomy of the basic unit
10.Exploring from many aspects and strengthening democratic supervision ,etc. constantly
So these respects have all made the positive achievement in varying degrees, have accumulated beneficial experience. This has undoubtedly settled good foundation for continuing advancing the reform of political system .
However, the political structure reform of our country, on the whole, similar to economy and make the reform a bit so far , was still at " peripheral stage in one period in the past, and has not approached or entered " on key stage , are still relatively in the aspect of the law " yet, have not solved the problems of the over-concentration of power especially personal high centralization of state power fundamentally , this if the question restricts the promotion of the assault of fortified positions of economic system reform, influence and restrain from for strengthening the anti-corruption setting up strong power supervise maintenance , development and long-term stability political situation to restrict social stability The task, so the political structure reform of our country shoulders heavy responsiblities .

Since 1978, China implemented the reform and opening up, China's political system has entered its 26 years. China's political reform process to the stage of division, from the 1970s to the mid-1980s was the political structure of the initial exploratory phase, the late 1980s, political reform is the full deployment phase, from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s was the political structure of the Lessons Learned adjustment phase, From the late 1990s, has been adapted to the socialist market economic development continue to push political reform period. China's political system has shown the characteristics of waves ahead, the four stages of the reform of government agencies have conducted a four-wheel, and the building of grassroots democracy is steadily maintaining a certain continuity of the reform content. On the other hand, after the political system of the 1990s has also made major adjustments to the original settlement of the political system no longer emphasizes total old complaint -- "excessive concentration of power, no longer emphasized that" the separation of party and government, with emphasis on strengthening the party's leadership, But at the same time accelerate the pace of the construction of the civil service system and gradually selecting and appointing cadres in the party and government leadership in the introduction of popular participation mechanisms, and also accepted the "rule of law," human rights and "the concepts and strengthen the supervisory powers of the relevant system. Looking at the history of 20 years of reform, China's political system in many respects made great progress. If 1. By the leadership cadre life blow to achieve the replacement of the old by the young, and increase the party and the country's vitality. 2. To tackle the problem, regardless of party and government, the abolition of the party and government overlap "counterpart of the party and government have been abolished 3. Constantly improve the people's congress system, fully equipped move its functions, especially legislative functions, and strengthen the building of democracy and legal system 4. Repeatedly for reform of the judicial system and administrative system, implementing civil service 5. Vigorously promote the reform of the judicial system 7. Further improve the system of multiparty cooperation and fully equipped then its "active role 8. Multifaceted exploration and promote personnel reform of the personnel system 9. Strengthen democracy at the grass-roots level, grassroots community autonomy 10. From the multifaceted exploration and constantly strengthen democratic supervision So these are, in varying degrees, with positive results and accumulated useful experience. This will undoubtedly continue to push for political reform has laid a good foundation However, our political system, on the whole, to date somewhat similar to the economic system reform in a previous period is still in "the external phase, but not yet approaching or entering" a critical stage, still in a relatively law level, not fundamentally solve the power is too concentrated in particular individuals highly authoritarian, If this issue of the current economic system constraints, and impact and constraining to intensify anti-corruption efforts and a strong supervisory authority for the maintenance and development of social stability and long-term political situation in the task, so long our political system