23号球衣:篮球的起源，要英文的！字数越多越好啊

The Origin of Basketball

The challenge that inspired the invention of basketball came from Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, Jr., the superintendent of physical education at the international YMCA Training School. During the summer session of 1891, Gulick introduced a new course in the psychology of play, and Naismith was one of his students. In class discussions, Gulick brought up an issue that was weighing on his mind: the need for new indoor game "that would be interesting, easy to learn, and easy to play in the winter and by artificial light."

Though the class didn't follow up on Gulick's challenge to invent such a game, Naismith found himself revisiting the issue a few months later when the physical education faculty met to discuss what was becoming a persistent problem. With the end of the fall sports season, the school once again confronted the distaste many students felt for the gymnasium work that was mandatory during the winter months. One class was particularly incorrigible, and two instructors had already tried and failed to devise activities that would interest them.

During the meeting, Naismith later wrote, he expressed his opinion that, "The trouble is not with the men, but with the system that we are using. The kind of work for this particular class should be of a recreative nature, something that would appeal to their play instincts."

Though there was general agreement with Naismith, the group nevertheless found itself stymied. In fact, they knew of no indoor game that would inspire the excitement of football or baseball. Before the meeting ended, Gulick placed the problem squarely on Naismith's lap. "Naismith," he said, "I want you to take that class and see what you can do with it." As they walked down the hall together after the meeting, he added, "Now would be a good time for you to work on that new game you said could be invented."

Naismith tried several different approaches in an effort to improve the attitude of his difficult class. He had his students play simple games, such as various types of tag. He introduced a few games others had developed, including one called "battleball." He attempted to modify outdoor games like rugby and soccer so they could be played in a gym. However, as his first two weeks with the class neared an end, he had to admit that his efforts, thus far, had failed.

Still not wanting to give up, Naismith tried to deduce the cause of his failure. He saw, once again, the need to offer a totally different kind of game, and he was quite clear about what its characteristics should be. It should be easy to learn, but complex enough to be interesting. It must be playable indoors or on any kind of ground, and by a large number of players all at once. It should provide plenty of exercise, yet without the roughness of football or soccer, since those would threaten bruises and broken bones if played in a confined space.

American rugby (football) was the game Naismith considered most interesting, but tackling made it too rough for an indoor sport. Tackling, however, could be eliminated if players were forbidden to run with the ball, but could move it only by passing or batting it to another player, with the use of the fist prohibited. The game of lacrosse suggested the type of goal to be used, but the goal would be horizontal so players would have to throw the ball in an arc, thus limiting the force with which it was hurled. That idea came to Naismith from his memories of a childhood game he had played with his friends in Bennie's Corners, Ontario.

"I recalled from my boyhood in the lumbering camps of Canada," he recalled, "that when we played a game called 'Duck on a Rock,' the goal should be one that could not be rushed, and that the ball could not be slammed through. This called for a goal with a horizontal opening, high enough so the ball would have to be tossed into it, rater than being thrown."

The method he adapted for putting the ball into play-the toss-up-borrowed from English rugby, but had only one player from each team vying for the initial toss-up, rather than the whole team.

The next morning, Naismith assembled the elements for the new game. First, he considered whether to use a football or soccer ball. "I noticed the lines of the football and realized it was shaped so that it might be carried in the arms," he said. "There was to be no carrying of the ball in the new game, so i walked over, picked up the soccer ball, and started in search of a goal." He asked the school janitor for two 18-inch square boxes to use as goals. Fortunately for the name of the game, the janitor suggested half-bushel peach baskets instead. Naismith nailed them to the lower rail of gymnasium balcony, one at each end. A man was stationed at both goals in the balcony to pick the ball from the basket and put it back into play.

Then, Naismith drew up the rules. Besides outlining the method and objective of moving the ball, he described various fouls, such as holding, pushing, or tripping. A referee would be appointed to judge the play, and the game would be divided into two 16-minute halves, with a five-minute rest between. While any number could play, nine on a side was suggested as the ideal.

Naismith's secretary typed the rules and tacked them on the bulletin board while he waited nervously for the class to arrive. Somewhat dubious about "Naismith's new game," the players nevertheless cooperated with their popular instructor and listened attentively as he outlined the method of play. They wore the then-usual gym costume of black, full-sleeve woolen jerseys and long gray trousers. Most of them also sported the luxuriant handlebar mustaches that were so popular in the Gas-Lit Era.

Naismith later described those first moments of play in mid December 1891: "There were eighteen in the class; I selected two captains and had them choose sides. When the teams were chosen, I placed the men on the floor. There were three forwards, three centers, and three backs on each team. I chose two of the center men to jump, then threw the ball between them. It was the start of the first basketball game and the finish of the trouble with that class."

The new game was a success from the minute the first ball was tossed into the air. Word got around that something new was going on in Springfield, and spectators began crowding the balconies. Once launched, basketball spread with incredible speed. Some of the students introduced it at their local YMCAs during Christmas vacation, and the rules of the game were soon printed in the school newspaper, The Triangle, which went to YMCAs around the country. Because of the College's international student body, it wasn't long before basketball was introduced in more than a dozen countries by these students.

Basketball quickly moved beyond the YMCA network, as well. Within a few years, private athletic clubs had organized basketball teams. High schools and colleges launched the new sport as well and, by 1905, it was recognized as a permanent winter sport.

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