重庆工商职业学院图片:急求 印度音乐的英语资料,Thanks!

关于印度音乐的断想 在世界民族音乐的百花园中，印度音乐是一种历史悠久，传统丰厚，特色鲜明的音乐，它在几百年的英国殖民统治下不仅没有被同化，在极艰苦的条件下比较完整地保存下来了。而且还进一步将某些欧洲乐器同化为印度的民族乐器，这不能不说是人类文化史上的一个奇迹，为什么会如此，不得不引起人们的深思。

断想之一：为什么印度音乐的特色如此鲜明，以致于即使是一个外国人也能比较容易地辨认它？

的确，印度音乐中那如怨如诉，绵延不断的旋律，波浪形，曲线形，甚至螺旋式的音乐进行，余音缭绕，婉转曲折的西塔尔，维纳琴声和呜咽欲泣的笛声，无穷无尽，各式各样的滑音，装饰音，强烈而音色多变的鼓声和变化多端的即兴演唱，演奏……展现出一幅幅绚丽多彩的印度风情画，给人以极深的印象。印度音乐的独特风貌与它的文化息息相关。印度半岛在人种、宗教、文化、音乐方面是世界上种类最繁杂的地区之一，印度（尤其是北方）历史上长斯受到各种外来民族的侵略，接受了波斯、希腊、蒙古、突厥，阿拉伯文化的影响。在漫长的岁月中，它们和当地文化融合，逐渐形成了独具一格的印度音乐文化。印度音乐正是在古老，悠久的印度文化基础上长期积淀，发展，深化，创造，升华的结果。印度音乐有自己特有的音律，（把一个八度音程分为22个斯鲁提微分音）音阶，调式，记谱法。印度古典音乐中的拉格是发展得很高的旋律体系，塔拉是很复杂的节奏节拍体系。拉格和塔拉都有严格的格式，但又具有高度的弹性可以让音乐家即兴发挥，另外，装饰音，装饰乐句也成为印度音乐中不可缺少的部分。正像印度古代名著《乐舞论》中所述：“一首旋律没有了装饰就好像夜里没有月亮，河里没有流水，树上没有花朵，妇女没有珠宝”。印度当代音乐大师拉维香卡也说得很好：“在我们的音乐中，从一个音进行到另一个音常常不是直线式的，而是一种精致巧妙的运动。在印度音乐中，装饰音是自然生长的，而不是从外面任意加上去的，这种修饰也是我们音乐的基础，印度音乐的特色是轻微起伏的曲线，精巧典雅的螺旋式的细部”。

看来，印度音乐的鲜明特色决非偶然，而是印度人民在南亚的特殊环境，宗教信仰，人文气氛中的独特创造，也是千百年来大批有才能的音乐家耕耘，创造的成果，它也体现了印度和南亚人民刻意追求审美情趣的“情”和“味”。

断想之二：为什么印度的传统音乐保存得比较好？

当英国侵入印度时，遇到的是一个政治上分裂，经济上落后的社会，但相对来说在文化，宗教上是比较稳固的。印度的音乐，舞蹈与人们的宗教信仰、生活方式，有着紧密的联系，印度人从出生、成年、结婚，直到火葬离开这个世界，都少不了传统的音乐舞蹈，印度人是一个爱好艺术，富有想象力的民族。南印度有一条用泰鲁古文写的格言：“如果艺术和科学能得到保护和滋养，它们就会象金刚钻那样发出耀眼的光彩，否则它们就会成为毫无价值的碎石子”。对古典音乐舞蹈的保护制度是印度的历史传统之一。各土邦王室都以拥有一批古典音乐家，舞蹈家为荣，以显示自己的文化修养。南印度坦贾尔王室是一个典范，在300年的和平时期中，坦贾尔的音乐，舞蹈十分繁荣，成为南印度的音乐中心，南印度音乐三杰泰亚格拉杰等都出现在这地区。坦贾尔王室制定了保障艺术家生活，鼓励创作，演出甚至包括乐器制作在内的18条措旋。

英国人虽想以欧洲文化来同化印度，但面对强大的印度文化传统，却也无计可施。根深蒂固的印度文化，在殖民地时期虽受到打击，压抑，但仍顽强地保持下来了。

印度独立后，艺术保护的责任就落到了政府，社会，工商企业的头上。

印度政府，社会对印度传统的古典音乐，舞蹈都十分重视，为了表扬艺术家对印度传统艺术的贡献，印度总统每年都对杰出的音乐家，舞蹈家颁发奖状和奖金，拉吉夫·甘地总理曾亲自为一本印度的民歌集写序言，新德里市市长也为一个音乐会的说明书上写过前言，为纪念一位450年前著名音乐家的音乐会，有67家工商企业出资赞助。1989年10月至11月印度国际乡村文化中心主办了一次很有意义的活动，即在全国13个邦和地区举行200次带表演的讲座，对100万郊区，乡村的学生普及印度古典音乐，古典舞蹈的知识。印度的电视台，电台也对传统文化很重视，经常播出印度古典音乐，舞蹈，戏剧节目。

印度的音乐教育体制也起了很大作用，印度的专业音乐舞蹈学校的课程绝大部分是印度传统音乐，舞蹈，中小学音乐课程也大体如此，虽然印度的对外文化交流活动很多，中产阶级中也有不少人喜欢欧洲音乐，但由于印度传统音乐在教育中占主导地位，人们对印度音乐具有深厚的感情，决不会出现本末倒置的现象。上述种种也许可以解释印度传统音乐之所以保存得比较好的缘故吧！

断想之三：欧洲乐器是如何被印度文化所同化的？这说明了什么？

在印度有一种奇特的现象：从西方传入的欧洲乐器在印度发生了很大的变化。虽然它的外形仍保持原状，但它表达的内涵，采用的方法、技巧，风格都已彻头彻尾的印度化了。如果有人闭上眼睛聆听这些乐器的演奏，决不会相信这种音乐是用欧洲乐器演奏的，可以说除了乐器的躯壳之外，灵魂完全是印度的了。属于这种类型的乐器有小提琴，曼陀林，黑管，萨克斯，吉他等，其中最突出的是小提琴。小提琴传入印度大约在200年前，最初小提琴只是用来为声乐伴奏，后来加上了南印度的木丹加鼓和陶罐，到1834年左右，小提琴逐渐适应了南印度古典音乐的要求，改变了四根琴弦的定音，演奏者的站立姿势也改为席地而坐。持琴也从夹持在左肩上改为放在胸前与右脚之间。经过长期的实践，小提琴已经与南印度古典音乐融为一体。被称为南印度风格的小提琴演奏艺术已形成了一个体系，有自己的一套系统方法，技巧，教材。西方人过去看不起它，但今天欧美音乐界已经了解并承认了这种特殊的小提琴演奏风格。1985年，纽约联合国庆祝印度独立40周年的音乐会上，世界提琴演奏大师梅纽因曾与南印度小提琴风格演奏家苏布拉马尼亚姆合奏印度音乐，获得很大的成功。

从欧洲乐器变为印度的民族乐器，这说明具有深厚历史传统，而且至今保持着强大生命力的印度传统文化的力量，即使英国侵略者挟军事，政治，经济上的绝对优势侵入印度时，他们也无法将自认为“优越、高级”的欧洲文化艺术音乐强加给印度人民，结果不是欧洲文化同化印度文化，相反地却是欧洲乐器被印度古典音乐改造，同化。那种认为既然工业社会优于农业社会，为了发展生产力，达到现代化，连文化，艺术，音乐也要现代化，（实际上是西方化，欧洲化）的看法在印度这样一个文明古国是不适用的。
Thoughts on Indian music in the world of folk music 100 Garden, the Indian music is a long history, rich traditions and distinctive features of music, which in centuries of British colonial rule did not assimilation, in a very harsh conditions more completely preserved. But also some European instruments will be further assimilation of the Indian national musical instruments, which must be a miracle in the history of human culture, so why can not but arouse people's thoughts. Start one : why so distinctive feature of Indian music, a point where even foreigners can also more easily identify it? Indeed, the Indian music as if she v., the melody goes, wave-shaped, curve-shaped, and even screw-style music, lingering sound wind around and become tortuous Xidaer, Kenny recorded and sob tale of the sad, endless, and a wide range of portamento, ornament, strong and fluid changing the sound of a drum and varied jazz concert, recital : : show a piece of glorious Indian customs painting, give deepest impression. With its unique style of Indian music culture is. Indian peninsula in ethnic, religious, cultural, music is the world of one of the most complicated parts of India (especially the North) long history of the Slovak nation by various external aggression, accepted Persia, Greece, Mongolia, Turkic, Arab culture. During the long years, they and the local cultural integration, gradually developed into a unique one compartment Indian music culture. It was in ancient Indian music, the basis of a long-term accumulation of Indian culture, develop and deepen, and create, raising results. Indian music has its own unique temperament, (one octave is divided into 22 Siluti differential tuition tone) scale, mode, remember spectral law. Indian classical music, listening to the melody is very high development system, the rhythm of Tara is a very complex rhythms system. Jazz and Tara have strict format, but a high degree of flexibility allows musicians to play jazz, and ornament, decorative phrases have become an indispensable part of Indian music. Like India ancient masterpiece "dance theory" : "I did not play the first night without moon is like a decoration, not river water, a tree without flowers, and women do not jewellery." India's master of contemporary music is also very good head incense cards : "In our music, from a sound until another sound often is not linear, but a cleverly refined movement. In Indian music, ornament is a natural growth and not from outside arbitrary added that qualifying is the basis of our music, Indian music is a feature of the curve minor fluctuations, the project took classic spiraling. " It appears that India, the distinct features of the music is by no means a coincidence, but the people of India in the special environment of South Asia, religious, cultural atmosphere, the unique creation, but also the thousands of years of talented musicians work, and create results, it also reflects the people of India and South Asia deliberately pursue aesthetic taste "intelligence" and "taste." Thoughts bis : Why India better than the preservation of traditional music? When the British invaded India, the encounter was a political split, economically backward community, but relatively in the cultural, religious, is more solid. Indian music, dance and people's religious beliefs, lifestyles, has close links Indian from birth, adulthood, marriage, until the cremation leave this world, will be indispensable in the traditional dance music, Indian art is a loving, imaginative people. South India has a classical Chinese literature written by Tai Lu motto : "If the arts and sciences can be protected and nurtured, as they will be issued as Jingangzuan blue splendor, they will become worthless Suidanzi." Dance to classical music protection system is one of India's historical traditions. State royal family are to the territories of classical musicians have, dancers proud to show their own culture and self-cultivation. South India is a model Tanguer royal family in 300 years of peacetime, Tanguer music, dance very prosperous as South Indian music center, the South Indian music Jietaiya Gelajie have appeared in the three areas. Tanguer royal formulated to protect artists living, and encourage creative, production, music performances and even includes 18 measures Carson. Although the British people to think of the European cultural assimilation India, but in the face of strong cultural traditions of India, but could not do anything. India's deep-rooted culture in the colonial period, although blow down, but still tenaciously retained. India after independence, the responsibility for the protection of art in a government, community, business head. Indian government, the community of traditional Indian classical music, dance attached to, in order for artists to traditional Indian art contribution to the Indian President annually outstanding musicians, dancers were presented with awards and bonuses, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India personally for the collection of folk songs written preamble, New Delhi Mayor also wrote a foreword to the concert brochures, a 450 years ago to commemorate the famous musician concert, 67 home businesses financing. October 1989 to November rural India International Cultural Center hosted an interesting activities throughout the 13 states and territories held 200 performances with lectures on the outskirts of one million rural students for the Indian classical music, classical dance knowledge. India TV, radio also attached great importance to traditional cultures, often broadcast Indian classical music, dance, drama programmes. Indian music education system has contributed significantly to India's professional music dance school curricula are mostly traditional Indian music, dance, music curriculum in primary and secondary schools also generally true, though India's external cultural activities many, the middle class, many people like the music, but because of traditional Indian music in education dominated, Indian music has a profound awareness of the feelings, never appeared before the phenomenon. Perhaps the above can explain the preservation of traditional Indian music is a fairly good reason! Running three : how was the European music culture of India assimilation? This shows? In India a strange phenomenon : the European musical instruments imported from the West in India have undergone tremendous changes. Although its shape remained intact, but it expressed connotation, the use of methods, techniques and styles of India have been thoroughly. If someone close to the performance of these instruments, will never believe that such music is used in the European musical, it can be said that apart from the body, musical instruments, is the soul of India. Belonging to these types of instruments are violin, cello, Heiguan, Sachs, guitar, the most prominent is the violin. Violin cases in India about 200 years ago, initially only be used for Violin vocal accompaniment, and later added a South Indian drum and wooden Rockefeller pottery to around 1834, the gradual adaptation of the violin South Indian classical music, changed four of the root chord sound, the musicians standing posture also read palms. A Guoqin from rescue to be in front of the bodies in the left shoulder, and right between. After a long period of practice, the South Indian classical music with the violin has integrated. Known as the South Indian style of art has become a violin recital system, a system with its own methods, techniques, materials. Westerners in the past look down upon it, but today Europe and the United States to understand and recognize that music has a special style of violin playing. 1985, the United Nations in New York to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the independence of India Music conference, the world class performances and master Meiniuyin South India had style virtuoso violin ensemble Indian music Thursday night, was a great success. From the European instruments into the Indian national musical instruments, which indicate a deep historical tradition, but has maintained a strong vitality of traditional Indian culture force, even if the British aggressors their military, political, economic penetrated absolute superiority of India, they could not since that "superior, senior" European culture and art music imposed on the people of India, Indian culture is not a result of European cultural assimilation, on the contrary it is the instrument by the Indian classical music transformation assimilation. Those who believe that industrial society than the agricultural community, to develop the productive forces and achieve modernization, and even culture, art, music to modern (actually westernization, Europeanization) in the view of ancient India is not such an application.
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