瑟尔发动机:澳大利亚

英文澳大利亚概况

Australia, island continent located southeast of Asia and forming, with the nearby island of Tasmania, the Commonwealth of Australia, a self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The continent is bounded on the north by the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea, and the Torres Strait; on the east by the Coral Sea and the Tasman Sea; on the south by the Bass Strait and the Indian Ocean; and on the west by the Indian Ocean.

The commonwealth extends for about 4000 km (about 2500 mi) from east to west and for about 3700 km (about 2300 mi) from north to south. Its coastline measures some 25,760 km (about 16,010 mi). The area of the commonwealth is 7,682,300 sq km (2,966,200 sq mi), and the area of the continent alone is 7,614,500 sq km (2,939,974 sq mi), making Australia the smallest continent in the world, but the sixth largest country.

The Commonwealth of Australia is made up of six states-New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia-and two territories-the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The external dependencies of Australia are the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, the Australian Antarctic Territory, Christmas Island, the Territory of Cocos Islands (also called the Keeling Islands), the Coral Sea Islands Territory, the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and Norfolk Island.

The first people to live in Australia, called Aborigines, migrated there about 40,000 years ago. The continent remained relatively unknown by outsiders until the 17th century. The first European settlement by British convicts occurred in 1788 at Botany Bay in southeastern Australia. Australia grew as a group of British colonies during the 19th century, and in 1901 the colonies federated to form a unified independent nation.

澳大利亚的各州及首府
1.西澳大利亚洲:珀斯(Perth) 2.北部地方:达尔文 (Darwin)3.南澳大利亚洲:阿德莱德 (Adelaide)4.昆士兰州:布里斯班(Brisbane) 5.新南威尔士州:悉尼 (Sydney)6.维多利亚州:墨尔本 (Melbourne)7.塔斯马尼亚州:霍巴特(Hobart) 8.堪培拉 (Canberra)

国 土

澳大利亚是一个岛国，面积为 770万平方公里，海岸线长达36,700公里。人口约1,800 万。
在世界各大洲中，澳洲是最低、最平坦的大陆。同时，除了南极洲之外．它是最干旱的大陆。按照气候带的划分，澳大利亚的北部为热带，中部为辽阔的干旱地带。南部为温带。

人 民

澳大利亚的人口密度很小，每平方公里平均只有两人。就人口分布状况而言，主要集中在城市。绝大部分人居住在两个沿海地区－一个是从南澳大利亚州起，经过维多利亚、塔斯马尼亚和新南威尔士州直到昆士兰州的东南沿海地区，另一个是西澳大利亚州的西南部沿海地区。在这两个地区，人们集中居住在中心城市，70％以上是在州和地区的八个首府以及其他有10万或10万以上人口的六个大城市。

根据1995年人口调查，澳大利亚的土著人和托雷斯海峡岛民共有 303,261人，占全国总人口的 1.5％，他们中只有28％生活在各首府，其余的主要居住在澳大利亚的北部和中部以及新南威尔士州的北部。在北部地区，他们约占该处人口总数的23％。

土著人与托雷斯海峡岛民委员会成立于1990年3月。它是澳大利亚政府对土著人和托雷斯海峡岛民实行自治政策的重要机构，同时也是处理土著人事务的决策机构。为了便于 管理和执行联邦政府的有关计划，委员会将土著人代表、制定政策人员和行政管理者组织在同一个机构里。

1993年底澳大利亚政府将“土著人土地所有权”制成法律，这就为土著人提供了一种机会，即在其他公民没有明确取得某地土地权的情况下，如果土著人能够证明自己对这块土地有传统的延续关系，那么就可以要求对这一土地享有应得的土地所有权，这项具有历史意义的立法是联邦高等法院对马博案件所作判决的结果，它推翻了澳州人到澳洲定居时代把澳大利亚当作“特拉奴利厄斯”（即这块土地不属于任何人）的理论。

自从第二次世界大战以来，由于政府提倡大规模移民，澳大利亚的人口空前增长。1947年为750万，1994年增加到1,700万。1967年，随着大规模移民，政府放弃了“白人澳大利亚”政策，这使澳大利亚的民族成分发生了极大的变化。

澳大利亚居民来自200多个国家。1991年，总人口中将近25％出生于海外。到澳大利亚定居的海外出生者约70％来自非英语国家。1986年全国总人口中，盎格鲁－凯尔特族约占75％，其他欧洲民族20％，亚洲民族 4.5％，土著人和托雷斯海峡岛民占 1％。由于民族间的通婚和从当前移民的趋势来看（1992－1993年，约43.2％的移民来自亚洲），澳大利亚社会的民族成分将会继续发生变化。

澳大利亚政府全面地制定了一系列管理多种民族的政策。这些政策继承了澳大利亚自由民主的传统和对人权的关注，特别主张注重实效地解决问题而不单纯依赖法规。它们包括移民定居的计划和英语培训、保证能平等地在政府部门中进行服务和取得各种资格以及组织由公众资助开展多元文化和多种民族语言的广播活动。此外，还注意刻画和宣传国家民族多元化特性、促进社区友好关系和反对外族主义，以及研究除英语外如何最好地使用其他一些民族的语言。政府还制定了一项制度，旨在公平地承认在澳洲境外所获得的技能。

1989年。在上述政策的基础上制定了“澳人利亚多元文化全国纲要，这个纲要以社会正义、各民族享有自身文化特点的权利和注重经济效益为指导原则。其结果是出现了一个不同民族都明显地获得心情舒畅和具有凝聚力的社会。

目前，澳大利亚人口出生率较低，平均每一妇女的生育率为1.85。但是和欧洲、北美一些发达国家及日本相比较，出生率仍较高。同时，澳大利亚属于死亡率最低而平均寿命最长的国家。

我来了~~~~~~~~~

Australia: An introduction
In land area, Australia is the sixth largest nation after Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America and Brazil. It has, however, a relatively small population.

Australia is the only nation to govern an entire continent and its outlying islands. The mainland is the largest island and the smallest, flattest continent on Earth. It lies between 10° and 39° South latitude.

The highest point on the mainland, Mount Kosciuszko, is only 2228 metres. Apart from Antarctica, Australia is the driest continent.

Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth. Its interior has one of the lowest rainfalls in the world and about three-quarters of the land is arid or semi-arid. Its fertile areas are well-watered, however, and these are used very effectively to help feed the world. Sheep and cattle graze in dry country, but care must be taken with the soil. Some grazing land became desert when the long cycles that influence rainfall in Australia turned to drought.

The Australian federation consists of six States and two Territories. Most inland borders follow lines of longitude and latitude. The largest State, Western Australia, is about the same size as Western Europe.

Natural environment
Australia has a remarkable diversity of life forms seen nowhere else in the world. Australian plants and animals evolved in isolation from other parts of the world. When the super-continent of Gondwanaland split up about 160 million years ago, Australia joined Antarctica and drifted towards the South Pole, where glaciers formed a barrier between it and other land masses.

Over the past 45 million years, Australia has moved away from Antarctica towards the equator and become warmer and more arid. About 35 million years ago, eucalypts began to displace the dense forests of the cool, damp Tertiary era.

Today Australian eucalypts account for more than half of all eucalypts found throughout the world.

The marsupials native to Australia have a different chromosome structure than mammals in other parts of the world. Typically, they suckle their young in a pouch.

Like the eucalypts, marsupials occupied a wide range of ecological niches in Australia. The first kangaroo marsupials seem to have appeared about 15 million years ago. They vary enormously in size and adaptation. A species of tropical kangaroo lives in trees, but most kangaroos are tough, efficient users of dry bush.

As the world climate warmed and glaciers melted, oceans gradually rose to their current level and the land bridges to New Guinea and Tasmania were cut. Corals colonised a flooded coastal plain, forming the Great Barrier Reef of Queensland.

Ancient plants still grow in the wild. Large 'Antarctic' tree ferns are common in damp, shaded gullies on the south sides of ridges. Cycad palms form an understorey to tall, silvery spotted gums (eucalypts) along the south-east coast. Rare relics from earlier geological eras are found in small, special habitats, such as desert canyons.

Pressure on native habitats from agriculture and introduced pests like the fox and rabbit have resulted in extinctions of some native species in the past 200 years. Australia now has a strong scientific and legal framework to deal with these issues. Australians care about their unique environment.

History
More than 60 000 years before the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples inhabited most areas of the Australian European settlement in 1788. However, there were an estimated 300 000 Indigenous Australians living on the continent.

Until recently, Western historians focused on early European contact with the Australian continent during the 16th and 17th centuries.

In recent years this approach has been balanced by the recognition that Asian and Oceanic explorers and traders had contact with Indigenous Australian people long before the European expansion into the eastern hemisphere.

After the American War of Independence, Britain looked to establish new penal settlements to replace the north Atlantic colonies. The First Fleet of 11 ships with 1500 aboard, half of them convicts, arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788. Sydney grew from that first British penal settlement.

Transportation of British convicts to New South Wales ceased in 1840, but continued to Western Australia until 1868. About 160 000 convicts arrived over 80 years. That compares with free settler arrivals as high as 50 000 a year.

During the 1850s, settlement was boosted by gold rushes. Scarcity of labour, the vastness of the bush, and new wealth based on farming, mining and trade all contributed to the development of uniquely Australian social institutions and sensibilities.

In 1901 the Australian colonies federated to become the Commonwealth of Australia. As in Canada, the British monarch remains the monarch of Australia, which is now an independent, democratic nation with a tradition of religious tolerance and free speech.

Immigration
Australia's culturally diverse society includes its Indigenous peoples and settlers from countries all around the world.

Immigration is an important feature of Australian society. Since 1945, over six million people from 200 countries have come to Australia as new settlers. Migrants have made a major contribution to shaping modern Australia. People born overseas make up almost one quarter of the total population.

The federal government sets immigration intake numbers on a yearly basis. Australia's immigration policies are non-discriminatory and all applicants to migrate must meet the same selection criteria.

Area and population of Australian States and Territories
State/Territory
Area in square kilometres
(mainland only)
Population *

State/Terr.
Capital

Queensland
1 723 936
3.64m
Brisbane (1.65m)

New South Wales
800 628
6.61m
Sydney (4.15m)

Australian Capital Territory (Jervis Bay Territory)
2 358
(72)
0.32m
Canberra (0.32m)

Victoria
227 010
4.82m
Melbourne (3.49m)

Tasmania
64 519
0.47m
Hobart (0.20m)

South Australia
978 810
1.51m
Adelaide (1.11m)

Western Australia
2 526 786
1.90m
Perth

(1.38m)

Northern Territory
1 335 742
0.20m
Darwin (0.11m)

AUSTRALIA
7 659 861
19.47m
12.41m

Sources: area—Auslig; population—Australian Bureau of Statistics
* Estimated resident population as at 30 June 2001.

Economy
Australia has had one of the most outstanding economies of the world in recent years. As a high-growth, low-inflation, low interest rate economy, it is more vibrant than ever before. There is an efficient government sector, a flexible labour market and a very competitive business sector.

With its abundant physical resources, Australia has enjoyed a high standard of living since the nineteenth century. It has made a comparatively large investment in social infrastructure, including education, training, health and transport.

The Australian workforce has seen many improvements over the last decade, leading to the surge in productivity in the 1990s. The complex and centralised award based industrial relations system has given way to a more decentralised one with many employees working under workplace agreements tailored to meet enterprise needs.

Further information
Australian Biodiversity www.biodiversity.environment.gov.au

National Library of Australia www.nla.gov.au/oz/histsite.html

Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs www.immi.gov.au

The Australian Government Treasury www.treasury.gov.au

Further information about other aspects of contemporary Australia

国名：澳大利亚联邦（The Commonwealth of Australia）

澳大利亚一词，意即“南方大陆”，欧洲人在17世纪初叶发现这块大陆时，误以为这是一块直通南极的陆地，故取名“澳大利亚”，australia 即由拉丁文 terraaustralis （南方的土地）变化而来。

国旗：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为2∶1。旗地为深蓝色，左上方是红、白“米”字，“米”字下面为一颗较大的白色七角星。旗地右边为五颗白色的星，其中一颗小星为五角，其余均为七角。澳大利亚为英联邦成员国，英国女王为澳大利亚的国家元首。国旗的左上角为英国国旗图案，表明澳大利亚与英国的传统关系。一颗最大的七角星象征组成澳大利亚联邦的六个州和联邦区（北部地区和首都直辖区）。五颗小星代表南十字星座（是南天小星座之一，星座虽小，但明亮的星很多）。为“南方大陆”之意，表明该国处于南半球。

国徽：澳大利亚国徽左边是一袋鼠，右边是一只鸸鹋，这两种动物均为澳大利亚所特有，是国家的标志，民族的象征，中间是一个盾，盾面上有六组图案分别象征这个国家的六个州。红色的圣乔治十字形（十字上有一只狮子、四颗星），象征新南威尔士州；王冠下的南十字形星座代表维多利亚州；蓝色的马耳他十字形代表昆士兰州；伯劳鸟代表南澳大利亚州；黑天鹅象征西澳大利亚州；红色狮子象征塔斯马尼亚州。盾形上方为一枚象征英联邦国家的七角星。周围饰以澳国花金合欢，底部的绶带上用英文写着“澳大利亚”。

国庆日：1月26日（1788年）

国花：金合欢

国树：桉树

国鸟：琴鸟。它貌似野鸡，常在陆地行走。雄鸟有一条华美无比的琴形尾，并以尾羽开屏的壮观而闻名。琴鸟的尾羽与希腊的一种七弦琴极为相似，因故得名。它不仅美丽动人，还能模仿其它动物的叫声，声音十分宛转动听。

国家政要：总督霍林沃斯（Hollingworth） ，2001年6月就任；总理霍华德(Howard) ，1996年3月任职；联邦议会众议长安德鲁 (Andrew)，1998年10月任职；参议长卡尔弗特 (Calvert)。

自然地理：位于南太平洋和印度洋之间，北临帝汶海和阿拉弗拉海，与印度尼西亚隔海相望，东北隔珊瑚海与巴布亚新几内亚毗邻，西濒印度洋，东、南临塔斯曼海。澳大利亚由澳大利亚大陆和塔斯马尼亚等岛屿组成，面积769.2万平方公里。占大洋洲的绝大部分。海岸线长36735公里。虽四面环水，沙漠和半沙漠却占全国面积的35％。森林面积为1．56亿公顷，森林覆盖率为20％。全国分为东部山地、中部平原和西部高原3个地区。全国最高峰科修斯科山海拨2230米，最长河流墨尔本河长3490里。中部的埃尔湖是澳大利亚的最低点，湖面低于海平面12米。在东部沿海有全世界最大的珊瑚礁——大堡礁。北部属热带，大部分属温带。年平均气温北部27℃，南部14℃，内陆地区干旱少雨，年降水量不足200毫米，东部山区500—1200毫米。

人口： 1920万（2000年6月），其中74. 2％是英国及爱尔兰后裔；亚裔占4. 9％（其中华人、华侨约45万人）；土著居民占2％，约37. 5万人。通用英语。居民中有70. 3％信奉基督教，信奉其他宗教的占3. 4％，少数信奉犹太教、伊斯兰教和佛教。非宗教人口占25. 1％。

首都：堪培拉(Canberra) ，人口约31万（2000年6月），年平均温度20℃。

行政区划： 澳大利亚全国分为6个州和两个地区。各州有自己的议会、政府、州督和州总理。6个州是：新南威尔士、维多利亚、昆士兰、南澳大利亚、西澳大利亚、塔斯马尼亚；两个地区是：北部地方、首都直辖区。

简史：澳大利亚原为土著人居住地区。17世纪初，西班牙、葡萄牙和荷兰人抵达这里。1770年英国库克船长率船队抵澳东海岸，宣布它为英殖民地。1788年英航海家菲利普率首批移民1030人（包括流放犯736人）在悉尼附近定居。这里一度成为英国的罪犯流放地，其后自由民纷纷移居至此。19世纪末，英国先后建立了6个殖民区。1900年7月英议会通过《澳大利亚联邦宪法》，1901年1月1日，澳各殖民地改为州，组成澳大利亚联邦，成为英国的自治领。英国议会通过《威斯敏斯特法案》，1931年澳大利亚获内政、外交、自主权，成为英联邦内的独立国家。

政治：澳大利亚的国家元首为英国女王，女王由总督代表。总督由总理提名，由女王任命。在联邦行政会议的咨询下执掌联邦政府的行政权。联邦议会是澳的最高立法机构，由女王和参、众两院组成。1992年12月17日，澳大利亚联邦政府内阁会议决定，澳大利亚的新公民不再向英国女王及其继承人宣誓效忠。

一群袋鼠在新南威尔士州的马卡里湿地觅食

经济：矿产资源丰富，至少有70余种。其中，铅、镍、银、钽、铀、锌的已探明经济储量居世界首位。澳是世界上最大的铝土、氧化铝、钻石、铅、钽生产国，黄金、铁矿石、煤、锂、锰矿石、镍、银、铀、锌等的产量也居世界前列。同时，澳还是世界上最大的烟煤、铝土、铅、钻石、锌及精矿出口国，第二大氧化铝、铁矿石、铀矿出口国，第三大铝和黄金出口国。已探明的有经济开采价值的矿产蕴藏量：铝矾土约31亿吨，铁矿砂153亿吨，烟煤5110亿吨，褐煤4110亿吨，铅1720万吨，镍900万吨，银40600吨，钽18000吨，锌3400万吨，铀61万吨，黄金4404吨。澳原油储量2400亿公升，天然气储量13600亿立方米，液化石油气储量1740亿公升。森林覆盖率20％，天然森林面积约1.55亿公顷(三分之二为桉树)，用材林面积122万公顷。澳渔业资源丰富，捕鱼区面积比国土面积还多16％，是世界上第三大捕鱼区，有3000多种海水和淡水鱼以及3000多种甲壳及软体类水产品，其中已进行商业捕捞的约600种。澳最主要的水产品有对虾、龙虾、鲍鱼、金枪鱼、扇贝、蚝、牡蛎等。工业以矿业、制造业和建筑业为主。澳农牧业发达，农牧业产品的生产和出口在国民经济中占有重要位置，是世界上最大的羊毛和牛肉出口国。农牧业用地4.555亿公顷，占全部国土面积的59％。主要农作物有小麦、大麦、油籽、棉花、蔗糖和水果。旅游业是澳发展最快的行业之一。澳旅游资源丰富，著名的旅游城市和景点有悉尼、墨尔本、布里斯班、阿得雷德、珀斯、大堡礁、黄金海岸和达尔文等。

新闻出版：有4大报业集团：先驱报和时代周刊杂志集团、默多克新闻公司、费尔法克斯公司和帕克新闻联合控股公司。其中，默多克新闻公司发展最快，近年来还买下了英国的《泰晤士报》和美国的《纽约邮报》，已成为国际性的报业集团。主要报刊有：《澳大利亚人报》、《悉尼先驱晨报》、《世纪报》、《金融评论报》、《堪培拉时报》。澳有期刊1400多种，《澳大利亚妇女周刊》是发行量最大的刊物。《公报》周刊（1880年创刊）是最老的刊物之一。澳联合新闻社是澳最大通讯社，总部在悉尼，1964年起与路透社结为联社。

澳有三个管理广播电视系统的法定机构。（1）澳大利亚广播公司（ABC）：有4个电台网，通过州和地区首府的制作传送设备向全国播放非商业性广播和电视节目，并为边远地区提供卫星服务；通过澳大利亚广播电台（Radio Australia）和澳大利亚国际电视台（Australian Television International）向海外播放，节目内容不受政府控制。年度预算大部分由联邦议会提供基金。（2）澳大利亚广播事业局（Australian Broadcasting Authority）：管理商业性电台和社区广播，收费并发放许可证。全国有商业电台120多家，商业电视台50多家。（3）澳大利亚特别节目广播事业局（Special Broadcasting Service,SBS）:主管澳大利亚民族电视台（SBS电视台）和SBS广播台，由联邦政府资助。SBS电视台是一个多元文化电视台，1980年10月24日联合国日开始工作，除新闻、体育和部分记录片用英语播送外，其余节目均用澳各民族语言配英文字幕播送，为非英语背景人士提供了了解世界的机会。

外交：奉行独立自主的外交政策，重点是密切同亚太地区各国的关系、并加强同澳有重要联系的发达国家的关系。外交政策宗旨是捍卫国家主权和独立，推进澳的经济和战略利益。重点是加强同美国的联盟关系，发展与亚洲，尤其是东亚的关系；将与美国、日本、中国、印尼的关系作为澳最重要的四大双边关系；主张种族平等，消除种族歧视，改善人权状况，反对将人权与贸易挂钩。

与中国关系：1972年12月21日，中澳两国建交。1997年3月，霍华德总理访问中国。1999年9月，国家主席江泽民应邀对澳大利亚进行国事访问。

Australia, island continent located southeast of Asia and forming, with the nearby island of Tasmania, the Commonwealth of Australia, a self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The continent is bounded on the north by the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea, and the Torres Strait; on the east by the Coral Sea and the Tasman Sea; on the south by the Bass Strait and the Indian Ocean; and on the west by the Indian Ocean.

The commonwealth extends for about 4000 km (about 2500 mi) from east to west and for about 3700 km (about 2300 mi) from north to south. Its coastline measures some 25,760 km (about 16,010 mi). The area of the commonwealth is 7,682,300 sq km (2,966,200 sq mi), and the area of the continent alone is 7,614,500 sq km (2,939,974 sq mi), making Australia the smallest continent in the world, but the sixth largest country.

The Commonwealth of Australia is made up of six states-New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia-and two territories-the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The external dependencies of Australia are the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, the Australian Antarctic Territory, Christmas Island, the Territory of Cocos Islands (also called the Keeling Islands), the Coral Sea Islands Territory, the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and Norfolk Island.

The first people to live in Australia, called Aborigines, migrated there about 40,000 years ago. The continent remained relatively unknown by outsiders until the 17th century. The first European settlement by British convicts occurred in 1788 at Botany Bay in southeastern Australia. Australia grew as a group of British colonies during the 19th century, and in 1901 the colonies federated to form a unified independent nation.