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How can cloning technologies be used?

Recombinant DNA technology is important for learning about other related technologies, such as gene therapy, genetic engineering of organisms, and sequencing genomes. Gene therapy can be used to treat certain genetic conditions by introducing virus vectors that carry corrected copies of faulty genes into the cells of a host organism. Genes from different organisms that improve taste and nutritional value or provide resistance to particular types of disease can be used to genetically engineer food crops.

Benefits

Crops
Enhanced taste and quality
Reduced maturation time
Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance
Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides
New products and growing techniques

Animals
Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency
Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
Improved animal health and diagnostic methods

Environment
"Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
Conservation of soil, water, and energy
Bioprocessing for forestry products
Better natural waste management
More efficient processing

Society
Increased food security for growing populations

If the low success rates can be improved (Dolly was only one success out of 276 tries), reproductive cloning can be used to develop efficient ways to reliably reproduce animals with special qualities. For example, drug-producing animals or animals that have been genetically altered to serve as models for studying human disease could be mass-produced.

Reproductive cloning also could be used to repopulate endangered animals or animals that are difficult to breed. In 2001, the first clone of an endangered wild animal was born, a wild ox called a gaur. The young gaur died from an infection about 48 hours after its birth. In 2001, scientists in Italy reported the successful cloning of a healthy baby mouflon, an endangered wild sheep. The cloned mouflon is living at a wildlife center in Sardinia. Other endangered species that are potential candidates for cloning include the African bongo antelope, the Sumatran tiger, and the giant panda. Cloning extinct animals presents a much greater challenge to scientists because the egg and the surrogate needed to create the cloned embryo would be of a species different from the clone.

Therapeutic cloning technology may some day be used in humans to produce whole organs from single cells or to produce healthy cells that can replace damaged cells in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. Much work still needs to be done before therapeutic cloning can become a realistic option for the treatment of disorders.

The Problems of Cloning

Since March 1997, the birth of a cloned sheep, named Dolly, has caused a great sensation around the world. Though it was not the first time that the experiment using cloning succeeded, the reason why Dolly shocked the world was that she was the first clone from a cell of an adult mammal, something previously thought to be impossible. This meant that the possibility of cloning human beings was increased. For fear of realizing human cloning, a lot of countries have taken necessary measures to regulate the study of it. Some people, such as scientists in this field and certain infertile couples, are now arguing against banning it. But I think we should ban human cloning because it has a possibility to reduce the value of our life, to take away individuality in our society, and to destroy the moral and social systems human have long cultivated.

Richard Seed, a physicist who supports human cloning, said in a radio interview that he would open a clinic of human cloning for infertile people and make a big profit (Hotwired Japan). If human cloning is allowed, there would be so many people such as Seed, who use cloning technology to make money. The business operating the technology looks so profitable because according to a report, there could be 100,000 or so women in the U.S. who would like a similar chance to use cloning to have their own babies (Watson). Probably, they do not care how much money they pay to have their own blood-related babies. To allow human cloning creates a world where we could get life with money. Buying life reduce the value of it because we cannot respect things which we can get easily. It could lead to the increase of murder. And it would be possible that someday at a department store we can buy life that is labeled, "ON SALE!"

There are many people in the world who do anything for the sake of money. As a result, cloning technology is in danger of being abused. First, I think I should explain how to clone humans. In the simplest language, cloning is the process in which the DNA from some cell of a body is put by electrical shock into a female egg cell whose DNA has been removed. Then the egg cell is implanted into a womb, and after that it grows as same as a natural baby does. The problem is that there is absolutely no reason why the egg cell need be implanted into the same woman who offers DNA. Hence it might be connected with abuses, such as a black market of egg cells or a black company offering surrogate mothers. Watson pointed out that because many women suffer from anatomical complications which prohibit successful childbearing, they might try to find a suitable surrogate mother. And he also insists that women who just do not like the discomforts of pregnancy might use cloning technology. In this point, human cloning is no longer developed for only infertile people but also for lazy women.

As I explained in the previous paragraph, cloning needs the DNA of only one person. Dr. Ian Wilmut in Roslin Institute, where Dolly was produced, claims that we should use the word, "copying," for reproduction of a human instead of "cloning" (Otsuka 1). He has investigated cloning technology in order to produce milk which contains a human protein for premature babies, not to clone humans (Begley 47). Human cloning would create duplication of humans, and the individuality of each human would be lost. Someone may oppose the idea saying that the environment in which a person grow largely contributes the formation of his personality, however, his appearance would be completely the same as the original. Someone may contend that twins have the same appearance and are accepted. However, making twins restricts the individuality artificially, not naturally. Natural and artificial are very different. We should separate them.

I doubt whether a human conceived by cloning will be treated as same as the others. In a present school situation where bullying is an everyday occurrence, the fact of being a clone may be a factor of being bullied. And it is possible that a cloned human would be dependent and inferior existence to the original. We would most likely think a clone is kind of a copy of the original rather than a kind of twin because of the disparity in age. Thus human cloning is an invasion of privacy for the human conceived by cloning. We should consider human cloning in that light. We do not have a right to take away the originality of any human - even a clone.

Of course, there are advantages to develop cloning technology. Ian Wilmut demands that the study of it not to be banned, emphasizing that the technology would be useful for the development of treatment for genetic diseases and of mass production of good cattle which will be surely needed in the future when population is larger than today (Otsuka 1). Meanwhile, he opposes human cloning for moral reasons. Human cloning will make family system even worse than it is at the present. Because cloning needs only one DNA, and it does not matter whether a man or a woman offers it, we can easily imagine that there will be much more single-parent families. If a man wants to have a baby by himself, he can have one, offering his DNA to a surrogate mother. In other words, children conceived by cloning cannot have both blood-related father and mother. Even if it is okay for a parent, it is very hard for the child. We may anticipate that juvenile delinquents would increase at higher rate than now.

Some religions would be badly damaged for the reason that the belief that God give a birth to human would be destroyed. Mark D. Eibert, an attorney at law, argues that religious thinking should not be an excuse of banning things since all people in a country do not believe one specific religion. I agree with this point; however, we should not ignore religions completely. In fact there are some countries where one religion play an important role. Likewise, I suppose that human cloning would create a society where science technology controls everything even our birth. According to Watson, cloning technology might allow us to choose which baby we have, a boy or a girl. The technology will influence so many things in so many fields.

By permitting cloning of human, too many problems would occur. I can understand that the research of human cloning will help infertility. But I attach more importance to the value of our lives, individuality, and bond of a family than curing minor number of people. Eibert strongly insists that the government should not make cloning of human illegal. He claimed that everyone has the right to have his baby and it is a freedom which the government cannot infringe. I opposed this opinion and the government should intervene in this kind of dispute. I wonder who else except the government can make the scientists think calmly and tell them to stop improving the technology that has a possibility of breaking rules in our society. I insist that cloning of human should not be done.

Works Cited

Been. "Can We and Should We Clone Humans?" Computer Writing and Research Labs X. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~mchorost/e306/been/cloning.htm (2 June 1997).

Begley, Sharon. "Little Lamb, Who Made Thee? "Newsweek 10 Mar. 1997: 43.

"The Commission of Science Technology of LF Group Banned Human Cloning (‰ÈŠw‹Zp‰ï‹cLF•ª‰È‰ïAƒqƒgŒÂ'̂̃Nƒ[ƒ"Œ¤‹†‹ÖŽ~)." Bio Technology Japan. http://biotech.biztech.co.jp/NEWS/ (23 May 1997).

Daniel, M. "Why Cloning Should Not Be Banned." Human Cloning Foundation. http://www.humancloning.org/ (11 Aug. 1998).

Eibert, Mark D. gHuman Cloning, Infertility, and Reproductive Freedom.h Reason Magazine. http://www.reason.com/opeds/eibert.html (13 Feb. 1998).

"A Scientist in Chicago Declared the Intention of Cloning Babies (ƒVƒJƒS‚̉ȊwŽÒAÔ‚ñ-V‚ðƒNƒ[ƒ"‚·‚éˆÓ}‚ð•-3/4)." Hotwired Japan. http://www.hotwired.co.jp/news/98/jan/09/t9515.html (9 Jan. 1999).

"Human Cloning: Should It Be Done? What Would It Mean?- FAQ's." Online. National Center for Genome Resources. http://www.ncgr.org/gpi/odyssey/dolly-cloning/cloning_humans.html. (7 Aug. 1997).

Otsuka, Ryuichi. "Ban Human Cloning. The Way of Applying it to Medical Treatment and Stock Raising (ƒNƒ[ƒ"lŠÔ‹ÖŽ~‚ðBˆã-ÁE'{ŽY‚ɉž-p‚Ì"¹)." The Yomiuri Shimbun 7 Jun. 1997: 1.

Reibstein, Larry., and Beals, Gregory. "A Cloned Chop, Anyone?" Newsweek 10 Mar. 1997: 48.

Watson, James D. "Moving Toward the Clonal Man." The Atlantic Monthly . http://www.theatlantic.com/atlantic/atlweb/flashbks/cloning/watson.htm
回答者：黎彦 - 高级经理 七级 3-20 00:14

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How can cloning technologies be used?

Recombinant DNA technology is important for learning about other related technologies, such as gene therapy, genetic engineering of organisms, and sequencing genomes. Gene therapy can be used to treat certain genetic conditions by introducing virus vectors that carry corrected copies of faulty genes into the cells of a host organism. Genes from different organisms that improve taste and nutritional value or provide resistance to particular types of disease can be used to genetically engineer food crops.

Benefits

Crops
Enhanced taste and quality
Reduced maturation time
Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance
Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides
New products and growing techniques

Animals
Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency
Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
Improved animal health and diagnostic methods

Environment
"Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
Conservation of soil, water, and energy
Bioprocessing for forestry products
Better natural waste management
More efficient processing

Society
Increased food security for growing populations

If the low success rates can be improved (Dolly was only one success out of 276 tries), reproductive cloning can be used to develop efficient ways to reliably reproduce animals with special qualities. For example, drug-producing animals or animals that have been genetically altered to serve as models for studying human disease could be mass-produced.

Reproductive cloning also could be used to repopulate endangered animals or animals that are difficult to breed. In 2001, the first clone of an endangered wild animal was born, a wild ox called a gaur. The young gaur died from an infection about 48 hours after its birth. In 2001, scientists in Italy reported the successful cloning of a healthy baby mouflon, an endangered wild sheep. The cloned mouflon is living at a wildlife center in Sardinia. Other endangered species that are potential candidates for cloning include the African bongo antelope, the Sumatran tiger, and the giant panda. Cloning extinct animals presents a much greater challenge to scientists because the egg and the surrogate needed to create the cloned embryo would be of a species different from the clone.

Therapeutic cloning technology may some day be used in humans to produce whole organs from single cells or to produce healthy cells that can replace damaged cells in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. Much work still needs to be done before therapeutic cloning can become a realistic option for the treatment of disorders.
回答者：Harry1028 - 举人 四级 3-21 03:18

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