湖北三环集团混改传闻:谁能帮我找一篇关于计算机的中英文对照文章

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Example:

VoiceXML

Designing a speech application includes presenting data for delivery over the phone, constructing a call flow and enabling prompts and grammars. VoiceXML provides a common set of rules as a flexible foundation, but it’s up to the designer to create the appropriate flow and personality for a speech system.

Just as HTML content is interpreted by a browser and presented visually over the Web, so must VoiceXML be understood or interpreted for presentation over the telephone by a speech, or voice, browser. The speech browser serves as a gateway between a call and an Internet connection. It interprets VoiceXML code and manages dialog between callers and VoiceXML content located at a Web site.

Speech browser software also maintains the calls, presents voice prompts that equate to URLs and downloads pages for audio interaction.

A VoiceXML-based application using a speech browser provides flexibility, benefiting callers and content providers alike. A caller could use a rotary telephone or the newest wireless model and receive the same service. Content providers have a choice of locating a speech browser at their facilities or outsourcing to an application service provider, carrier or service bureau. As with current visual Web models, trade-offs have to be weighed between ease of implementation, flexibility, cost and other factors.

Today, companies are building businesses on speech-based Web content by providing telephony access and presentation of data in interactive audio formats. These businesses host speech applications to provide greater scalability, maintenance and support, while letting content providers focus on their core business.

A number of obvious and subtle factors are converging to bring the Web model of VoiceXML to prominence. Many consider the broad industry support of VoiceXML its most apparent strength. Other factors such as recent improvements in text-to-speech quality mean information can be immediately presented in audio format without the time and expense of recording a voice. Looking at the evolution of the Web, it’s clear the adoption of a common format for content presentation——HTML——fueled the growth of the Web. The VoiceXML standard holds similar promise for speech.

[参考译文]

设计语音应用程序包含了通过电话提交的数据表达、呼叫流程的建立以及提示和语法的实施。VoiceXML提供一个公共的规则集，作为灵活性的基础，但是建立恰当的语音系统的流程和个性取决于设计者。

正如HTML的内容由浏览器解释并在Web网站上用可视的方式表达出来一样，VoiceXML也必须能由语音或声音浏览器理解或解释，以通过电话表达。语音浏览器起到了在呼叫和因特网连接之间的网关的作用。它解释VoiceXML的代码和管理呼叫者与某个网站上VoiceXML内容之间的对话。

语音浏览器软件也维护呼叫，表达相当于URL的语音提示和为音频交互下载网页。

利用语音浏览器，基于VoiceXML的应用程序提供了灵活性，有利于呼叫者和内容提供商双方。呼叫者可以老式的转盘拨号电话机或者最新的无线电话机，获得同样的服务。内容提供商可以选择将语音浏览器放在自己的设备上，或者外包给应用服务供应商（ASP）、电信运营商或服务公司。对于目前的可视Web模型，必须在易于实施、灵活性、成本和其他因素之间进行折衷考虑。

今天，不少公司正在将业务建立在基于语音的网站内容上，提供电话访问和提供以交互的音频格式的数据表达。这些业务包括了语音应用程序后，提供了更大的伸缩性、更便于维护和支持，同时让内容提供商专心做其核心业务。

很多显而易见的细微因素组合在一起，使VoiceXML网站模型浮出水面。很多人将业界对VoiceXML的广泛支持当做它最明显的优势。其他一些因素，如最近文本向语音转换的质量提高，意味着信息能马上以音频格式表达，没有了录音的开销和时间。回顾一下网站的发展，很清楚，正是采用了通用的内容表达方式——HTML，促进了网站的发展。VoiceXML标准有望为语音提供同样的前景。

Computers are learning to read your mind—through your facial expressions(2)

Current technology is pretty good at recognizing six basic emotions——fear, anger, joy, surprise, disgust and sadness——says Jeffrey Cohn, a psychology professor at the University of Pittsburgh. But there are thousands of combinations and variations, he says. For instance, there are different kinds of disgust——to physical stimuli, to moral stimuli and so on.

Cohn and his colleagues have defined 40 facial “action units”——the smallest visually distinguishable changes in facial appearance——and have compiled a database of 210 people, with 10 images of each, illustrating different combinations of action units.

Cohn says he hopes to see the technology refined so it can be used reliably to diagnose people with mental disorders and assess the efficacy of treatment. He says it might also be used as an adjunct in lie-detector tests and in security systems that attempt to identify people by their faces.

Meanwhile, IBM is working on computer recognition of emotional expressions at the Almaden Research Center in San Jose. Through its Blue Eyes project, it’s developing algorithms for “affect detection” based on the position of the eyebrows and mouth corners.

IBM is also trying to perfect an “emotion mouse” that will determine users’emotional states by measuring pulse, temperature, general somatic activity and galvanic skin response. The company has mapped those measurements for anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness and surprise.

The idea is to have the computer adopt a working style that fits a user’s personality.It might，for example，offer to present a different kind of display if it senses that the user is frustrated.

IBM says computers would be much more powerful if they had a small fraction of the perceptual ability of animals or humans. The aim of Blue Eyes is to enable humans and computer to work together as partners.

[参考译文]

计算机通过您的

脸部表情了解您的想法(2)

据匹兹堡大学的心理学教授Jeffrey Cohn称，目前的技术在识别六种基本的感情时做得很好，即害怕、生气、快乐、惊讶、讨厌和悲伤。他说，有成千上万的组合和变异。例如，讨厌就有不同种类，有对物理刺激的讨厌、有对精神刺激的讨厌等等。

Cohn和他的同事们已经定义了40种脸部“动作单元”——脸部外表能看得见的最小可分辨的变化，并编制了210人的数据库，每人有十幅图像，描绘不同的动作单元组合。

Cohn说，他希望看到此技术能得到改进，从而可以可靠地诊断有精神疾病的人们以及鉴定治疗的效果。他还说，它也可以用做测谎仪测试和设想通过脸来识别人的安全系统的附件。

IBM也在加州圣何塞市的Almaden研究中心研究感情表达的计算机识别。通过蓝眼睛计划，IBM正在开发基于眉毛和嘴角位置的“感情检测”算法。

IBM还在设法完善“情感鼠标”，该鼠标通过测量脉搏、温度、一般性的身体活动和皮肤抽搐响应，确定用户的感情状态。该公司已经绘制出有关生气、害怕、悲伤、讨厌、高兴和惊讶的度量。

这个设想是要计算机采用适合用户个性的工作风格。例如，若它感觉到用户很沮丧，它就可能给出不同类型的显示。

IBM称，如果计算机拥有动物或人类知觉能力的一小部分，计算机将强大得多。蓝眼睛计划的目标是使人类和计算机像合作伙伴那样一起工作。

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