白山至十五道沟长途车:一个外国人的疑惑

这里的败和胜在表达上意义是一致的:中国队大败美国队中的败,指的是中国队打败了美国队,但是打的意思省略了,为的是表达的简便.好象在英语里,前一句出现的个别词或短语可以省略差不多.差别只是在于,在中国,人们常常喜欢把人们都心知肚明的东西略去不说,才出现这样的语言现象的.而在英语语言国家,略去的常常是已经表达过的,无须重复的话.
大胜美国队就不用说了吧,就是你们平时习惯的那种直来直去的表达,没绕圈子,就是中国胜了美国,而且是胜得很多.
所以说,这两句话表达的是一个意思:中国队以绝对优势战胜了美国队!

此，正所谓中华文化之博大精深，汉字汉语之辩证细腻。岂是字母所能代乎1

败：
1．输，失利，不成功，与“胜”相对：～北。～退。～绩（a．连队溃败；b．事业的失利）。～诉。～笔。～局。两～俱伤。
败
败
bài
<动>
(会意。从贝,从攴。攴(pū),甲骨文象以手持杖,敲击的意思,汉字部首之一。在现代汉字中,“攴”大多写成“攵”,只有极少数字保留着“攴”的写法。从“攴”的字多与打、敲、击等手的动作有关。败,甲骨文左边是“鼎”字(小篆简作“贝”),右边是“攴”,表示以手持棍击鼎。本义:毁坏,搞坏)
同本义 [ruin;fail;spoil]
败,毁也。——《说文》
无俾正败。——《诗·大雅·民劳》
若唇之与击,空柔相摩而不致败。——《淮南子·说林》
能全天之所生而勿败之。——《吕氏春秋·尊师》
法败则国乱。——《韩非子》
败家丧身。——宋·司马光《训俭示康》
又
以侈自败者多矣。
于是纵散约败。——汉·贾谊《过秦论》
又如:败辕裂犁(比喻把事情弄坏);败名(败坏名声);败好(败坏盟好);败事(败坏事情);败家相(败坏家业的情状);败俗(败坏风俗)
损害;损伤 [damage]
死而形体朽,精气散,犹囊橐穿败,粟米弃出也。——《论衡》
蠹鱼败书编,萍草粘户半。——宋·陆游《久雨喜晴十韵》
又如:败足(伤脚);败物(破损之物);败面(毁伤面容);败群(危害集体)
失败;战败 [lose the battle;be defeated]
齐师败矣。——《左传·成公二年》
故善战者,立于不败之地。——《孙子兵法·形篇》
赵尝五战于秦,二败而三胜。——宋·苏洵《六国论》
赵兵果败,括死军覆。——汉·刘向《列女传》
成败之机,在于今日!——《资治通鉴》
宋义论武信君之军必败,居数日,军果败。——《史记·项羽本纪》

fail
[feil]
vi.
失败, 不及格, 忘记
vt.
使失望, 舍弃, 辜负, 不及格
n.
不及格, 不及格者

fail
[feIl]
vi., vt.
失败；不及格
The teachers failed me on the written composition.
教师们评我的笔头作文不及格。
He failed his English examination.
他的英语考试不及格。
不足；无法做到；（作物）歉收
Last year the crops failed.
去年农作物歉收。
"They fail to recognize that our population is increasing faster than the supply of food, available resources and job opportunities."
他们没有认识到我们人口的增长超过了粮食的供给|资源的开发和就业的机会。
使失望；辜负
His courage failed him in the end.
"到最后,他泄气了。"
We will never fail to live up to what our parents expect of us.
我们决不辜负我们的父母对我们的期望。
His friends failed him when he most needed them.
当他最需要朋友的时候，他们却令他失望。
衰退；衰弱
The wind failed and the sea returned to calmness.
"风停了,海面上恢复了一片寂静。"
（事业）倒闭，破产

fail
AHD:[f³l]
D.J.:[feil]
K.K.:[fel]
v.
failed; fail.ing; fails;
fail
v.intr.
To prove deficient or lacking; perform ineffectively or inadequately.
表现欠佳证明不足或不够；活动受损或不充足
To be unsuccessful:
失败不成功：
a valiant attempt that failed.
虽败犹荣
To receive an academic grade below the acceptable minimum.
不及格达到的学术等级低于最低限度
To prove insufficient in quantity or duration; give out:
用尽数量或持续时间证明为不足；用完：
The water supply failed during the drought.
在干旱期供水不足
To fall short, as in what is expected of one:
未达成不能达到别人所期望的：
failed in her obligations to the family.
她对家庭没有尽到责任
To decline, as in strength or effectiveness:
减弱力量减弱或功能衰退：
The patient's heart failed.
病人的心跳减弱
To cease functioning properly:
彻底中止运转：
The engine failed.
引擎彻底停止了运转
To become bankrupt or insolvent:
破产：
Our family business failed in 1929.
1929年我们家族破产了
fail
v.tr.
To disappoint or prove undependable to:
使失望或不可信赖：
Our sentries failed us.
我们的哨兵令我们失望
To abandon; forsake:
抛弃；放弃：
His strength failed him.
他丧失了力气
To omit to perform (an expected duty, for example):
遗漏未做忽略而未能完成（例如，所期望的任务）：
“We must . . . hold . . . those horrors up to the light of justice. Otherwise we would fail our inescapable obligation to the victims of Nazism: to remember”(Anthony Lewis)
“记住：我们必须将那些惨事交付法庭审判。否则，对遭受法西斯主义迫害的人，我们将无法尽到应尽的责任”(安东尼·刘易斯)
To leave (something) undone; neglect:
疏忽留下（某事）没做完；疏忽：
failed to wash the dishes.
忘了洗盘子
To receive an academic grade below the acceptable minimum in (a course, for example):
不及格达到的学术等级低于能接受的最低限度（如某门课程）：
failed algebra twice.
代数两次不及格
To give such a grade of failure to (a student):
给（学生）不及格：
failed me in algebra.
给我代数不及格
fail
n.
Failure to deliver securities to a purchaser within a specified time.
保证失信未能在特定时间内将保证金交给买主
Failure to receive the proceeds of a transaction, as in the sale of stock or securities, by a specified date.
交割失信在股票或抵押品售出后，未能在规定日期内办理交接手续

without fail
With no chance of failure:
一定，必定没有失败的可能：
Be here at noon without fail.
一定在正午时到这里

Middle English failen
中古英语 failen
fromOld French faillir
源自古法语 faillir
fromVulgar Latin *fallºre
源自俗拉丁语 *fallºre
variant ofLatin fallere[ to deceive ]
拉丁语 fallere的变体[ 欺骗 ]

fail
[feil]
vt.
失败, (考试)不及格
缺少
使失望; 对(某人)辜负
疏忽, 未履行
When I wanted his help he failed me.
当我需要他帮助时, 他却使我失望。
The teacher failed me in mathematics.
老师给我数学不及格。
Words failed me at the last minute.
到最后我说不出话来了。

fail
[feil]
vi.
失败, 不及格; (判断)错误, 不中目标
[与不定式连用]不能, 不(做), 忘记; 疏忽
不足, 缺乏(in); (作物)歉收
(健康、体力、视力等)衰退; 减弱
停止作用; 故障; 停(水), 断(电)
破产、倒闭
绝, 全无
He failed to come.
他未能来。
He fails in courage.
他不够勇敢。
He never fails to write to his mother every week.
他从来没有忘记每周给母亲写信。
His health is failing rapidly.
他的健康迅速衰退 。
The patient's heart failed.
病人的心脏停止了跳动。
fail
[feil]
n.
失误, 迟误
考试落第者
I'll pay you tomorrow without fail.
我明天付款给你, 决不迟误。

fail-out
n.
故障后果
fail-passive
adj.
工作可靠但性能有下降的
fail-safe
vt., vi.
(使)具有自动保险装置

fail
[feil]
n.
(核弹运载机的)自动保险装置
adj.
安全的, 可靠的
fail-safety
n.
(个别部件发生故障时的)系统可靠性
fail-sale
adj.
没有销路的
failtests
n.
可靠性试验
failed
adj.
已失败的
failer
n.

don't fail to
务必, 一定
never fail to(do)
必定, 从未忘记...
without fail
必定, 务必
fail of
缺乏...能力; 不能达到
fail to
没有(做某事); 疏忽; 忘记(做某事)

2．战胜，使失败。打败。使…战败 [defeat]
败宋师于黄。——《左传·隐公元年》
匈奴入杀辽西太守,败韩将军。——《史记·李将军列传》
秦数败赵军。——《史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》
文公用咎犯之言,而败楚人于城濮。——《吕氏春秋·义赏》。

defeat
[di5fi:t]
n.
击败, 战胜, 失败
vt.
击败, 战胜, 使失败, 挫折
v.
击败

defeat
[dI5fi:t]
vt.
打败；战胜
They were defeated in the football match.
他们在足球赛中输了。
使失败；使受挫
Our hopes were defeated.
我们的希望破灭了。

defeat
n.
失败；击败
The football team suffered a defeat.
该足球队被击败了。

defeat
AHD:[d¹-f¶t“]
D.J.:[di6fi8t]
K.K.:[d!6fit]
v.tr.
de.feat.ed; de.feat.ing; de.feats;
To win victory over; beat.
战胜；击败
To prevent the success of; thwart:
阻挠…的成功；挫败：
Internal strife defeats the purpose of teamwork.
内部争斗挫伤了团队合作的目的
Law
【法律】
To make void; annul.
使…作废；废除
defeat
n.
The act of defeating or state of being defeated.
战胜，战败击败的行为，或被击败的状况
Failure to win.
失败
A coming to naught; frustration:
毁灭变得什么都没有；摧毁：
the defeat of a lifelong dream.
毕生梦想的破灭
Law
【法律】
The act of making null and void.
废除使…作废和无效

Middle English defeten
中古英语 defeten
from defet[ disfigured ]
源自 defet[ 使变丑 ]
fromOld French desfait,past participle of desfaire[ to destroy ]
源自古法语 desfait, desfaire的过去分词[ 毁灭 ]
fromMedieval Latin disfacere[ to destroy, mutilate, undo ]
源自中世纪拉丁语 disfacere[ 毁灭，毁坏，取消 ]
Latin dis-[ dis- ]
拉丁语 dis-[ 表示"除去" ]
Latin facere[ to do ]
拉丁语 facere[ 做 ]
*See Also : dh¶- In Appendix

defeat“er n
defeat conquer vanquish beat rout subdue subjugate overcomeThese verbs mean to get the better of an adversary. Defeat is the most general:
“Whether we defeat the enemy in one battle, or by degrees, the consequences will be the same”(Thomas Paine). Conquersuggests decisive and often wide-scale victory:
“无论我们是在一次战斗中击败敌人，还是逐步地击败他们，结果都会是一样的”（托马斯·潘恩）。<SKW> Conquer含有决定性的、经常是大规模的胜利的意思：
“A conquering army on the border will not be halted by the power of eloquence”(Otto von Bismarck). Vanquish emphasizes total mastery:
“边境上打了胜仗的军队不会因为雄辩的力量而停止前进的”（奥托·冯·俾斯麦）。<SKW> Vanquish强调完全的控制：
The forces of Napoleon were vanquished at Waterloo. Beat,less formal, is often the equivalent of defeat, though beat may convey greater emphasis:
拿破仑的军队在滑铁卢全军覆没。<SKW>Beat比较不正式，常作为 defeat的对等词语，尽管 beat可以传递更大的强调意义：
“To win battles . . . you beat the soul . . . of the enemy man”(George S. Patton). Rout implies complete victory followed by the disorderly flight of the defeated force:
“要打胜仗，你就得打败敌人的灵魂”（乔治·S·巴顿）。<SKW> Rout含有败军溃散后紧接着的全胜：
An entire division was routed during the first hours of the war. Subdue suggests mastery and control achieved by overpowering:
在战争的头几个小时中，整师就彻底溃败了。<SKW>Subdue含有因为力量过于强大而打败和控制的意思：
“It cost [the Romans] two great wars, and three great battles, to subdue that little kingdom [Macedonia] ”(Adam Smith). Subjugate more strongly implies reducing an opponent to submission:
“ 发动了两次大规模的战争和三次大规模的战役才完全制服那个小王国 ”（亚当·史密斯）。<SKW> Subjugate更强烈地含有迫使对手降服的意思：
“The last foreigner to subjugate England was a Norman duke in the Middle Ages named William”(Stanley Meisler). To overcome is to prevail over, often by persevering:
“最后一个制服英格兰的外国人是中世纪一个叫威廉的罗马公爵”（斯坦尼梅斯勒）。<SKW> Overcome指胜过，经常是通过坚持不懈的努力：
overcome an enemy;
战胜敌人；
overcome temptation;
克服诱惑；
overcome a physical handicap.
克服身体上的残疾

defeat
[di5fi:t]
vt.
打败, 击败, 战胜
使(希望, 计划等)失败, 挫败; 阻挠, 使无效
【律】宣告无效, 废弃
He was defeated in his purpose.
他的计划失败了。

defeat
[di5fi:t]
n.
失败, 败北, 征服
【律】废除, 无效
bring defeat upon oneself
招致失败

defeater
n.
defeatism
[dI5fi:tIz(E)m]
n.
失败主义(的态度、行为), 失败情绪
defeatist
[dI5fi:tIst]
n.
失败主义者

inflict a defeat on (upon)
挫败; 使...遭受失败
suffer a defeat
战败; 遭受挫败
sustain a defeat
战败; 遭受挫败

defeat conquer overcome
都含“战胜”、“击败”的意思。
defeat 指“赢得胜利”, 尤其指“军事上的胜利”, 如:
defeat the enemy
打败敌人。
conquer指“征服”、”战胜”,特别指“获得对人、物或感情的控制”,如:
conquer nature
征服自然。
overcome指“战胜”、“压倒”、“克服”尤指“感情”而言, 如:
overcome difficulties
克服困难。

大败里面的败是说让美国队失败
而大胜则是说胜了对方

大败就是英语里的beat，使失败的意思。
大胜就是英语里的win，虽然win后面不能接名词……

败你可以为外国人翻成使动（古人这么说）：使…… 败。而胜则是现在的用法，就是赢了对方

胜败者，兵家之常事也。
中国居前，自然是胜利者了，正如站在领奖台的最高点就是冠军一样，你管人家是哭还是笑呢。
呵呵