002528英飞拓股票行情:有关阿尔卑斯山脉

阿尔卑斯山脉
Alps

欧洲南部高大的山脉。西起法国尼斯附近地中海海岸，呈弧形向北、东延伸，经意大利北部、瑞士南部、列支敦士登、德国西南部，东止奥地利的维也纳盆地。总面积约22万平方千米。长约1200千米，宽130～260千米，东宽西窄。平均海拔3000米左右。
山脉主干向西南方向延伸为比利牛斯山脉，向南延伸为亚平宁山脉，向东南方向延伸为迪纳拉山脉，向东延伸为喀尔巴阡山脉。阿尔卑斯山脉可分为3段。西段西阿尔卑斯山从地中海岸，经法国东南部和意大利的西北部，到瑞士边境的大圣伯纳德山口附近，为山系最窄部分，也是高峰最集中的山段。勃朗峰（4810米）是整个山脉的最高点，位于法国和意大利边界。中段中阿尔卑斯山，介于大圣伯纳德山口和博登湖之间，宽度最大。有马特峰（4479米）和蒙特罗莎峰( 4634米)。东段东阿尔卑斯山在博登湖以东，海拔低于西、中两段阿尔卑斯山。
早在1.8亿年前，北大西洋扩张，以及由此造成的非洲和欧洲间相对运动形成的阿尔卑斯山系，其构造既年轻又复杂。阿尔卑斯造山运动时形成一种褶皱与断层相结合的大型构造推覆体，使一些巨大岩体被掀起移动数十千米，覆盖在其他岩体之上，形成了大型水平状的平卧褶皱。西阿尔卑斯山是这种推覆体构造的典型。
古代的阿尔卑斯山脉是欧洲最大的山地冰川中心。山区覆盖着厚达1千米的冰盖。各种类型冰川地貌都很发育，冰蚀地貌尤为典型。只有少数高峰突出冰面构成岛状山峰。许多山峰角峰锐利，山石嶙峋，峻峭挺拔，并有许多冰川侵蚀作用形成的冰蚀崖、角峰、冰斗、悬谷、冰蚀湖等以及冰川堆积作用的冰碛地貌。还有1200多条现代冰川，总面积约4000平方千米。中阿尔卑斯山麓瑞士西南的阿莱奇冰川最大，长约22.5千米，面积约130平方千米。山地冰川呈现一派极地风光，是登山、滑雪、旅游胜地。阿尔卑斯山地冰川作用形成许多湖泊。最大的湖泊莱芒湖，另外还有四森林州湖、苏黎世湖、博登湖、马焦雷湖和科莫湖等。美丽的湖区是旅游的胜地。

阿尔卑斯山脉自然景观

阿尔卑斯山脉的气候成为中欧温带大陆性气候和南欧亚热带气候的分界线。山地气候冬凉夏暖。大致每升高200米，温度下降1℃，在海拔2000米处年平均气温为0℃。整个阿尔卑斯山湿度很大。年降水量一般为1200～2000毫米。海拔3000米左右为最大降水带。边缘地区年降水量和山脉内部年降水量差异很大。海拔3200米以上为终年积雪区。阿尔卑斯山区常有焚风出现，引起冰雪迅速融化或雪崩而造成灾害。阿尔卑斯山脉是欧洲许多河流的发源地和分水岭。多瑙河、莱茵河、波河、罗讷河都发源于此。山地河流上游，水流湍急，水力资源丰富，又有利于发电。
阿尔卑斯山脉的植被呈明显的垂直变化。可分为亚热带常绿硬叶林带（山脉南坡800米以下）；森林带(800～1800米），下部是混交林，上部是针叶林；森林带以上为高山草甸带；再上则多为裸露的岩石和终年积雪的山峰。山区居民，西部为拉丁民族，东部为日耳曼民族。动物有阿尔卑斯大角山羊、山兔、雷鸟、小羚羊和土拨鼠等。
阿尔卑斯山脉山区的交通很发达。海拔1370米的布伦纳山口、2009米的辛普朗山口、2112米的圣哥达山口等，自古以来就是南北交通的要道。1871年，在法国和意大利之间的塞尼山开凿了第一条铁路隧道，以后又建成多条。1922年竣工的瑞士和意大利间的辛普朗隧道，长19.8千米，是世界上最长的隧道之一。勃朗峰下的公路隧道，长11.6千米。1980年建成的圣哥达隧道，长16.3千米，为世界上最长的公路隧道。

阿尔卑斯山风光

西、中阿尔卑斯山风景宜人，设有现代化旅馆、滑雪坡和登山吊椅等。冬季滑雪运动吸引大量游客。山麓与谷地间的不少村镇，山青水秀，环境幽雅，每年都有大量游客来此旅游。

On Monday, 1 July, Richard Mlynarik and I flew with United Airlines
from San Francisco with a stop in Washington (Dulles) to Zurich. We
took the train from the ZH airport to Affoltern am Albis (491m) where
my friend Fredy Ruegg runs a top notch bike shop and where I have made
my base camp with my friends the Dierauer's for many years. We
assembled our bicycles and, in an effort to not fall asleep before
dinner, rode up the Albis pass (791m) and along the ridge to the
Uetliberg overlooking Zurich. That ploy almost worked as we nodded
off in mid sentence while sitting in the living room before dinner.
The weather was cool and cloudy in contrast to most of June that, I am
told, was sweltering and left the mountains with little spring snow.

Still suffering the aftermath of my flu that hit me on my second
Sierra Nevada spring tour, I took a whole day in the sack while
Richard took a ride over Aegeri to the Zurich Lake and over the
Sattelegg (1190m) to Canton Glarus, where he sampled the beauties of
the Glarner Alps and the Pragel Pass (1550m) that climbs through the
steep walled Kloental and descends to Bisistal and Schwyz with a stiff
steady 18% grade. Meanwhile, I seemed to gain enough strength to
believe I could start, although I was still having hot spells that
felt like fever but weren't.

1. Thursday, 4 July (Affoltern-Rosenlaui; 120km, 2436m): We set out
toward Luzern and the central Alps under cloudy skies, riding across
the Reuss valley to the south to Merenschwand in canton Aargau with
its tall church steeple and red tile roofed houses with window boxes
of geraniums. The Reuss, that originates on the Gotthard and Furka
passes to flow past Luzern and on to the Rhine, would greet us again a
few times on this trip. This road through Aargau is lightly traveled
and has an excellent bike path most of the way up the valley to
Luzern. At Gisikon we crossed the Reuss again to get on the main road
into Luzern where, at the city limits, two large redwood trees stand
at either side of the road.

In Luzern (436m) we stopped for photos at the famous Lion sculpted
into the cliff and at the (new) old wooden bridge across the Reuss
with swans and the Pilatus (2120m) as a backdrop. We dropped in on
Mrs. Dierauer Sr. for a visit on the Musegg above the Armory at the
city wall before riding on to the Alpnach leg of the lake. Here the
Pilatus railway, in Alpnachstadt, climbs the steepest cogwheel route
in the world at 48% grade. It uses two horizontally opposed gears
that engage a two sided gear rack in the center of the 800 mm gauge
track. Auto traffic was almost absent, and even though this was well
into the main summer season, there was no sign of people on holiday.

We headed toward the Melchtal instead of taking the direct route over
the Brunig Pass (1008m). At Sarnen, taking the road past the train
station, we took the scenic forest road to Flueli, and on up the
Melchtal where we ate lunch before heading up to Frut at the Melchsee.
From here a scenic and car-free route goes over the mountains to the
Susten Pass road and into the Haslital. At Stockalp (1075m), at the
end of the Melchtal, the road becomes narrow (timed one way traffic)
and steep, climbing to Frut (1902m) and the Melchsee in 7 km.

We stopped at the general store in Frut before riding up and around
the two lakes to Tannen (1976m) where the road ends at a large
comfortable youth hostel and the Tannalp diary. Hiking trails head
off in several directions. Our trail to Engsteln (1837 m) is cut into
a granite wall where it breaks out into the canyon. From Engsteln a
narrow restricted access paved road descends the granite walled canyon
to the tune of ubiquitous cowbells. Our road joined the Susten Pass
road a few kilometers above Inertkirchen (625m), to which it descends
through sweeping curves and several curved tunnels.

We rode up the three hairpins Kirchet (709m) and to the Lammi Gasthaus
where the road to Rosenlaui turns off, climbing through a forest to
the canyon of the roaring Reichenbach where Sherlock Holmes and Dr.
Moriarty went over the falls to meet their deaths. As the road rises
steeply past the cascades of the Reichenbach, it exposes the Rosenlaui
glacier and the Wetterhorn to the west. We stopped at the Rosenlaui
hotel (1330m), where Andreas and Christina Kehrli preside. After a
generous dinner we retired to the 5th floor dormitory accommodations
where we were the only guests and got a good night's sleep to the
sound of rain and the rushing creek.

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