亮视点配眼镜多少钱:Environmental Geology of Limestone in Malaysia 6

原文
3.4 Slumped zone
One of the unique features of the limestone bedrock terrain is the occurrence of the so-called slumped zone or collapsed weak soil zone immediately above the limestone bedrock surface. The formation and identification of this slumped zone has been discussed by Tan and Ch'ng (1986). It has been encountered in numerous high-rise building sites in K.L. since the early 1980's (e.g. Chan and Hon, 1985; Ting, 1985), and also recently at the K.L.C.C. Petronas Twin Towers site (Tarique Azam, 1996).
Recognition of the presence of the slumped zone is via its very low S.P.T. N values of ~0 as limestone bedrock surface is approached. Overlying the slumped zone can be much stiffer soils with N=30-50 or more, such as the residual soils of the Kenny Hill formation in the K.L. area. Fig. 4 shows some typical examples. In the K.L. area, the slumped zone often occurs close to the Kenny Hill formation--Limestone contact zones.
Similar occurrences have been reported in other limestone areas, e.g. Ipoh (Tan, 1988) and Hong Kong (Pascal, 1987).
3.5 Sinkholes
Sinkholes are the main crux of the problem in a limestone bedrock terrain. The formation or emergence of a sinkhole is usually very sudden and unpredictable, and as such, its consequences can be catastrophic. Thus, the reporting and documentation of sinkholes swallowing parts of a road, a house, etc. are too common indeed. While the inherent karstic features of the limestone bedrock (such as pinnacled profiles, cavities and linear trenches) all contribute or provide the geologic settings for the development of sinkholes, other man-made factors or activities such as dewatering of groundwater level by pumping, dewatering of deep excavations or basements and open-cast mining can trigger the formation or emergence of sinkholes. The documented cases of sinkholes in the Kinta and Klang valleys include the Bt. Merah/Menglembu area in Ipoh (Shu, 1982, 1986; Chow et al.,1996), Serdang Lama in K.L. (Shu, 1986) etc. The emergence of sinkholes in the Bt. Merah area continues till today (1999), as reported frequently in the local press. Similarly, in the recent construction of the K.L.C. C. Petronas Twin Towers project, several sinkholes also "popped up", including a major one that damaged a nearby bungalow.

译文
3.4 猛然掉落地域
石灰石岩床地带的独特特征之一是所谓的猛然掉落地域的发生或在石灰石岩床表面上面立刻倒塌弱的土壤地域。 形成和确认这猛然掉落了 , 地域已经被鞣制革和 Ch'ng 讨论.(1986) 它自从 1980 年代早期以后已经在 K.L. 的很多有多层的建筑物位置被遇到 (举例来说 Chan 和爱人,1985; 铃响,1985), 以及最近在 K.L.C.C. Petronas 双胞胎的塔位于。 (Tarique Azam,1996)
被猛然掉落的地域的出现的承认经由它的非常低 S.P.T. N 价值 ~0 如石灰石岩床表面被接近。 过度地被猛然掉落的地域用 N=30-50 或更多, 像是在 K.L. 区域的肯尼希尔形成的剩余土壤可能是非常强烈的土壤。 图 4 表演一些典型的例子。 在 K.L. 区域中, 被猛然掉落的地域时常在肯尼希尔形成的附近发生--石灰石连络地域。
相似的发生已经在其他的石灰石区域被报告, 举例来说 Ipoh(鞣制革,1988) 和香港.(巴斯卡,1987)
3.5 阴沟的入口处
阴沟的入口处在一个石灰石岩床地带中是问题的主要紧要关头。 阴沟的入口处的形成或出现通常非常突然的和不可预知, 和同样地，它的结果可能是悲惨的。 因此, 报告和忍受道路，一楝房子的些许部分的阴沟的入口处的文件, 等等的确太通常。石灰石岩床 (像是小尖塔般耸立的描绘, 洞和线的渠) 的固有 karstic 特征全部有助于或者为阴沟的入口处的发展, 其他的人造因素提供地质的设定或者活动 , 像是地下水的使脱水藉着抽泵消除，不过深挖掘或者地下室和公开-演员阵容的采矿使脱水能引起形成或阴沟的入口处的出现。 在 Kinta 和 Klang 山谷的阴沟的入口处的被证明的情形包括 Bt 。 在 Ipoh 的 Merah/Menglembu 区域 (Shu,1982,1986; 吃饭以及其他人。,1996), 在 K.L.(Shu,1986) 等等的 Serdang Lama 在 Bt 中的阴沟入口处的出现。 Merah 区域直到今天 (1999) 继续, 当做报告时常在新闻媒体中。 同样地, 在 K.L.C. 的最近工程 C. Petronas 生双胞胎塔计画,一些阴沟的入口处也 " 出现了 ",包括损害了一个附近的平房的一个主要的。